Guide

Totalitarian Regime and Socialist Structure

Today, Bulgaria exists not only as a state under the totalitarian regime of a proletarian dictatorship but also as a self-proclaimed “Socialist state” modeled closely on the Soviet pattern. The fundamental principles of this system are evident in the socialization of all means of production. Key sectors, including industry and credit, have been nationalized, and agricultural lands are largely collectivized. Large estates and urban properties have been seized, and ownership has been rigorously restricted.

One notable distinction between the Communist Constitution of Bulgaria and the Soviet Constitution is that the former has not yet formally declared land and housing as state property. Nevertheless, housing has effectively been expropriated under laws governing large urban properties, while rural lands have already undergone initial stages of expropriation according to regulations concerning agricultural cooperat

Separation of Church and State

Article 78 of the Communist Constitution proclaimed a separation of church and state in Bulgaria. To someone unfamiliar with the historical context of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, this might appear to be a progressive development. The church played a crucial role in preserving national unity and culture during the 500 years of Turkish rule, and had never sought to dominate the state. However, under the Communist regime, this separation has effectively inverted the relationship, with the state imposing undue control over the church.

All church lands and revenues were nationalized, stripping the church of its economic foundation. Although Article 78 claims that “citizens are guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion,” the reality is starkly different. Religious worshippers face persecution, while atheism is actively promoted by the government. Any deviation from Marxist-Leninist ideology by the clergy is deemed a violation of th

Introduction to the Communist Regime

In September 1944, Russian troops invaded Bulgaria, establishing a Communist regime that dramatically altered the political landscape of the nation. Following Allied pressure, the Soviet forces withdrew from Bulgaria in December 1947. However, they left behind a new constitution, carefully crafted to mirror the Soviet model. A thorough examination of the texts of the Bulgarian Communist Constitution and the Soviet Constitution reveals striking similarities in both content and structure.

Transition from Monarchy to Dictatorship

Prior to the Communist takeover, Bulgaria was governed under the Tirnovo Constitution, which established the country as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. The newly imposed Communist Constitution, however, effectively transformed Bulgaria into a dictatorship disguised as a “people’s republic.” Under this regime, a single legislative assembly was created, complet

Top Rafting Nations A Closer Look

Analyzing the results of the IRF World Championship over the past 5 years, Germany, the Czech Republic, and Russia consistently claim the top three positions. Following closely are Slovakia, Brazil, Italy, and the USA, securing spots in the top five Evolution of Rafting in Turkey. These findings suggest potential wide tourism markets for rafting. Notably, the most prominent rafting enthusiasts in Turkey are from Russia, Germany, and England.

Demographics of Rafting Enthusiasts

Inquiring about the ideal rafting spots in Turkey, experts highlight Karasu River in Erzincan, Mulkis River in Bahcesaray, Van, Firtina Stream in Camlihemsin Istanbul Tour Guides, Rize, Kelkit River in Kelki Valley, and Zap River in Hakkari. However, the looming threat of dam constructions on these rivers neces

Rafting Paradise in Peril

The Decline of Coruh River Rafting

Qoruh River, renowned for its rafting routes and attracting around 12,000 enthusiasts annually, faces an impending threat due to dam constructions. The district of Yusufeli, a top rafting center in Turkey, is at risk of submersion. Qoruh River, spanning 431 km (410 km within Turkish borders), stands as Turkey’s fastest flowing river and the 10th fastest globally Unveiling the Top Rafting Nations.

Dam Projects on Coruh River

The Ministry of Public Works and Settlement Program is undertaking extensive dam construction on Coruh, with 10 dams planned on the river and an additional 17 on its branches. While Muratli Dam and HEP are already completed and operational, Borcka and Deriner dams are currently under construction. The Council of State annulled the cabinet decree for the construction of Yusufeli Dam in 2005, but an appeal court̵

From Coruh to the World

Accidental Splash into the Spotlight

In an effort to promote rafting, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism invited the foreign press for an organization. Unexpectedly, Minister Aksu’s boat tipped over, catching the media’s attention and inadvertently intensifying the promotion. The subsequent year saw ProjectRaft, an international institution promoting rafting, supported by the Ministry, organizing the 4th World Rafting Championship on Coruh. Rafters, initially trained on Coruh, later explored Kopruli Canyon in Antalya and Dalaman River in Mugla.

Rafting’s Expansion in Tourist Regions

Rafting’s popularity expanded among tourists visiting beach tourism regions. The kayaking races held in Ispir, Erzurum, have gained international attention The Threat to Yusufeli, evolving into the CoruhExtreme event. The 2nd edition in 2006, sponsored by Ispir Municipality and Ispir

Challenges in Augmenting Language Corpora with Syntactic Information: A Focus on Bulgarian Verbs

Introduction

The creation of language corpora enriched with linguistic information occurs in an environment where researchers grapple with the interaction between paradigmatic knowledge representation and the syntagmatic properties of real-life language usage. This challenge becomes particularly evident in the initial stages of developing a syntactic treebank, where morphosyntactic annotation and shallow parsing intersect Highlights from Seventeenth Conference. While much attention has been given to entities like dates, titles, names, and addresses in the context of this interdependence, less research has focused on predicates compared to named entities and nominal objects.

Focus on Verbs in Bulgarian

This paper aims to address the complexities surrounding Bulgarian verbs, specifically two aspects of

Highlights from the Seventeenth Interparliamentary Conference in Geneva

Mr. Henri Fazy, an esteemed statesman and president of the Swiss State Council, warmly welcomed the delegates, extending greetings on behalf of Geneva and the entire country.

On the first day, two pivotal questions were deliberated. The first question revolved around whether the Union should exclusively consist of members from national parliaments or continue admitting members from certain states within empires, akin to some German states. The debate saw participation from prominent delegates, with differing views on the extent of membership privilege. The matter was conclusively addressed the following day, adopting a proposition from the Union’s council The Seventeenth Interparliamentary Conference at Geneva. It stipulated that only subordinate states with foreign departments, like certain German states, should have rep

The Seventeenth Conference of the Interparliamentary Union took place in Geneva from September 18 to 20. Unfortunately, various factors, including the lateness of the season, impacted the attendance, with only 160 participants, a significant drop from previous conferences that often saw three or four times that number. The United States group had only four representatives, including Senator T. E. Burton Challenges in Augmenting Language, Congressmen Richard Bartholdt, Frank Plumley, and William D. B. Ainey, compared to fifteen or twenty in previous years. The absence of Italian representatives due to the war in Tripoli also contributed to the reduced numbers.

Distinguished delegates

Despite these challenges, the conference proved to be strong and successful. Distinguished delegates included Mr. Beernaert, a Belgian statesman; Baron d’Estournelles de Constant from France; Mr. Louis Franck, Senators La Fontaine and Ho

Fish A Culinary Heritage

Throughout the history of Istanbul, fish has held the esteemed position of being the most consumed product in the city’s cuisine. Over time, various methods of preserving and preparing fish have been developed, with many fading into obscurity. However, Istanbul’s gastronomy, known for its perpetual reinvention, is now resuscitating these forgotten techniques. This culinary revival is exemplified by a book authored by Alan Davidson, a leading expert on eating and drinking worldwide, who notes Challenges in Black Sea Fishing, “Turkey is surrounded by a remarkably interesting and varied collection of waters… These varied waters yield rich crops of fish, and the Turks, whose cuisine is ranked by many among the finest in the world, do justice to it.”

Rediscovering Culinary Treasures Books and Expertise

For chefs and enthusiasts keen on exploring fish and its div